JDhqäYS
ݐݡLKO{ޮg\唹PLYȓrظqä~1997e1WKLCӐޔkvȥe~YӐ
ݐݳo㨐ޫDTߣVҔHEɽJDhqђ}IY\ºظqޔEɤäY]tGiɽJDhq潣ڥνJDhqHk~\§}ItfETB~YRlvJDhqäYSväSgt\_|̴\Yg㨐
ݐݳo㨬Zg21eޤev}I40We˳o㨐ާK潣FՐޣDپyҢQ~dhHȤByַnԐ
~棬K
ݐݳoY~棬K|vJDIKO{ޮg\唹PL|YJhqHk~
ݐݑK{ޮg\唹LäyK{ޮg\唹18571858eLQK{ޮg\唹18611863eLBޕgKॻLÕޒ1859e6뤽}|HoАޔIJDgVHKO{ޮg\唹PLlظKKLvJDnoYޯ1859e64ZYKpfK˥pL5W{PѭSaK1921e1IKFCӑL181
ݐݔIKLJDqvɕsmޤcYݕGo`YvoRmާݕAKॻLYє^GݕؤpLڣmޤcgvVlYݕॻߒHңVא˾ä߬ѓĶTNߓdIgװؐާâ}rc_|KYגcYg_L㣵pװYlvåؒ~Yࡲ
ݐݽJDESɕsâY}ޱqѰkut\Y唹ʤR|JDLo|RġuYl~qs~zޒण~qҤՒ˺NIYi~zuYlYʥHvLJɻlYQk֬AYL_|ॿvHiJDBquYâިɬђ{ޮg\Yâ
ݐݔIKLJDqLѓAkIYâKĪġohY唹ʤRުĒã|ɡLøgoΒ\§YâYYġޕѬѳoRLYġġoɡLEYv
ݐݳoKLޫo潣BܒɽJDY߹jߵ{ޤףEYvJDIKL֬A|ɕsâYLYġDiޑKLv~zJDhqY_ڐॿW\|YJDѕsâ{ޮg\YLYKġ{ޮg\~RQBYߓJhqk~ުġoħ֬Aޕѧã[Nev̴\YtrޯyVZד~Yk~Lfޓlk⬥\˺NŴ\aYR\ͲDޮiܔILcQR_|Yg
ݐݴ\âJDhqޥqLkkkҡͤޣn˽JDYkҐޒ֡ȷEJDҩYLøgoΒ\§YâYYġIIߒڐ˵YolFՐޓpvL⡲ŧK˸gޓpYˣԤJޯy}ɽJDhqYעg\
i
ݐݔIYóӱq6RѽJDhqHk~l֬AޕѪĒã|ɒlsY̴\DQDٶ@ףvlأޤѧˣĬ
ݐݐÐ|ޣm_|]ELq˺NJɥ__|_߲{ޮ_ߥI_Ylͤ⡲
ݐݔIKLJD|LJɥ_YͬD٫ҭR_|_߲{ޮ_QI_
ݐݔIoJDäjJɥ_YͬDYٔΐޓäJDvqLRJɥ__|_߲{ޮ_ߥI_BYlޣnvױqLJɥ_oRޣmޒ˺N]YigޒKjJɥ_YA~ʔȐީԒ˺N_YLRBYlnoPԐ굦Ygɐ
ݐݣm_|]ޢܱq}ͤoԓkJhqY|
ݐݵ\|JDgq˺NJɥ__|_߲{ޮ_ߥI_YlͤRɸgHaBZIҒöPIYlJD{ޡLHҸgHY]ޕhYYaΧ֩ݔHͶ]𡲐ovޔI_|iJɥ__|_߲{ޮ_ߥI_RY]ƐޕѤvYޣnvLΧ֩ݡYviYޕtgޡLA_|ͬOߤtߥYhL{oRLhL{ޒvIQiY
ݐݵYެѧK潒~znYԒΒl|YLxïyyޣVE\ºظqLxïyyޔIjJɥ_YͬDA~YȐޕ`ؒ˺N_YRhEg_|߲{ޮߤƐߥͺABYlvѽJD|YLRg_|߲{ޮߥIYiDiޓVʥzJDhqHk~ޓB~潒~zLxïyy
ݐݐʐLͬlQͬYhyʐͲk~
ݐݵY|ɡLͬlQͬYhyʐͲk~vѽJDhqYӳy~zQi
ݐnΩͬYiVhyʢT
ݐݔIK{ޮg\唹1857-1858eLJD\|g_YRͬOߤtߥǐvlLͬnդ~YޔDiޡLͬDcKJɥ_Yդߐͬ_ߥͬYiVͲޕvޒ˺NғlY_vDnnYVŐߣVYY_vVhyYY_
ݐnΩͬlVͲʢT
ݐݒY_|_߲{ޮ_ߥI_ޱq٥کvLͬlYQDiީҤաLá~Y_|ŕDv\JɥͬDiͲĵ{YŐޡLͲuYFwvï͒˺֕єI˺֤yLYJYFwn
ݐݵ\|LJDI_|ͬOߤtߥYhL{Σlġo潒ͤRâAInä_|ͬ`vcK_|hyYY_ޡLo潣RɥͬlvђY_|ͬ_ҬYlKاnrïYͲZIޣnͬҒvђnYͬHE^ҬY~lJɕD}|YͲtIޒkVhyʢQͲYɯS
ݐݡLͬlQͬYhyʐͲk~Y|vRYӳyDnvok~A~ɐ~ȕsѲMŕբQȫDTzyͬD]YͲެJvߓJhqYEޕԓkaT
ݐ2016e118~IchEI\߹LnYԒΖEh|IDĒYqޥΡLRkDȣn]]kHdnסo娥֬AɧäߓiYwL{ärYޱq٥کvђVsѐ߲M潣HŕՒұaY˺NͬD]oRͲߓĵ{nsäKߓlާKYuғl檲iޱq٥کvDnK٪qJhqYHk~ޕsѐ߲MHŕՒɒ˺NͬD]Y[ޕzy]YޔDitՒɡLD[nߔD[nߔD[nġ
ݐݤѐzɡLͬlQͬYhyʐͲk~ާKB~潣|Lgis`A~zo̴\@vߔIѥͬD]YMŤڐvѿggiD]Yڥܬѐ
Я}
ݐݤä}IYtެJvIJDhq\ޒتġoYޒvёKLk~YЯ}ӷs
ݐݵ\|JDIKLҳBYͬͬlYޡLAΒॻhqlgYR_|AޓAΒ_|hq_|Ȑޓp\|L~ޥђߓLYJD_|iSv_|hqQ]YHk~~voܐާKgҪġoY_|hqvѕiġoFvQࡲ
ݐݔIshhqL{ާKђJDhqY~zޓhEW⣵L}aRQdYeޥWlcGFYD]ͬlޯSvyQYңVוDn_|hq]QtުL]RsdYz\IxޔIoRL{ާK׳v\|ɹLYFwޣnf٪qsYt|ɷsY~
ݐݣWLRWާKIjťͬYդߔYȐެђg_YhL{ͬOߤtߥǐOѤBYVZlެѣIzhSvIjũңVוDYȐެђg~Zא߸gڡoZYzvޣno`lsnLK_|hq]IŤ潒͡ޥvqL}IYtާKةӷsЯ}ɬѽJDhqHk~YJV~z
ݐݐÐIͬl~zVЯ}Qӷs
ݐݥͬlެJAá~YңVוD½JDҤաLovͬlYuλyޕAg~QgڡoZאn}rgڡoZאުAͬylyqylݼDgpylovnוKॻLYâRYޥLAΒॻhqlgYR_|AޓAΒ_|hq_|K_|hqgyאޤvzAɩңVוDlɐ潣\|Lђͬl{ݣVg~߸gڡoZ׳YeA~_|hqYͬl~øglLAܥͬҬiYfEޒvޔWħKɵz}rgڡoYTCZאޔWġVͬҬiAYyq~ZעQݼDZאޫs]ңVוD~ͬҬiAYgyאޣnWveާK~vL]Rsd~K\|ɡLsLYFw
ݐݵ潣\|LsYͬlF~zJɤॻhqͬlѥͬҬiYCn_|ͬYiɷsYdBޕovңVףnޥђͬl{ݣVg~߸gڡoZ׳YeA~_|hqYͬl~øglLAܥͬҬiYfEࡲ
ݐݵӱjŐL_|hqͬlJ_|hqVYHޒAg~yעQgڡoZ׳YHeIңVפ]Yxؐg~yעQڡoZדѥͬYiVٔΐާƻAYgyד~長CQͬҡ
ݐݳqL}IާKߒ_|hqgyא_|hqgyYRާKђg_hL{Y~zhɐެђgڡoZYz潒͒ɐާK~gY~dgħɐݐݐʐ_|]ߡL_|롲Y~VЯ}Qӷs
ݐݵ\|Lq_|iYL{QS䣤ޮJɳcGFQͬ뤧Đ{Vgyא߲{ޮyYQߤƐDYޒ`g_|S]o~_|YN秽RcYRcYcGFޣnvݓP_|]W̧DߤƢQOYeޱqn_|lsYݸqࡲ
ݐݓVqoRa~z_|ާKB~s㧧Yä}rƵߵ{Rѯyާ⤤ängDA~YbGRѯyޱqnΡL_|롲oRARYhDKYbG
ݐݐא_|]ߡL_|롲YtVЯ}Qӷs
ݐݽJDIKL\|ޔItL{ޡL˺Nȷɓ|s~zAYzޔDnEnml}ޥzޓVIzAYJɧLgZIktvIͣKL{YSޓB|͡
ݐݾדä}ItӬѽJDYoö@ġo潣ip\|LqgäY_|hqYtgyקgoңKޕIyڤB⣼ūҥLeY@_gyקYoP}KޢA~ɧäY_|hq{ޮyק𥲰ەڥ߹gߥYwvLKŒYޱ`Ȯi}Q֧KޒvLKYުEڥӳyLȳZKŒɓġoElgyקnҐڥY_|hq{ޮyקYݔġoޤLFä}IYKgQIigqhYèIiࡲ
ݐtڐޓV潣~zv@ާKB~ʥzJuޱqnItTHB~ig~_VòvYlޔItB~UiYӥIޮޔ^YbGاBYl
ݐnYԒΒln|ާKYzvhK_|ާKoRzYҐvh潤Ƨޣnt}oRzY練vhqYޮnߕh{uޮäovJDҩYItL|s~zAYzޕєItgHKKYz
ݐݵӤ|Yl鶥@ެJhDTH~ӢQiɽJDhqޒ潣EɧKnE}InE_|hqgyא潣Eɧ}IlΕh潤ƧIΐGIYD
䤣
ݐݵӤY³qɔWzڥλHk~\§}Itܪ`YRl
ݐݸg__|_߲{ޮ_ߥI_iYߤŐovKL|YJhqHk~YEK٪qoRJDhqHk~ާKI}IY~_QtެJE`ظgڡoZפYߤūDޕEħ^g_|߲{ޮߥI_iYߤūDޤnEYvާK٪qok~ޣI_|hq_|YH
ݐݔIKLJDYߡ}Yt\Y°k|YL_|šsnYLI_ޕѓlLg_|_L{ޮ_ѐJD\|ޒ˺NߓYisٕթvѡLͬlYQcKY_|YgHұYYޕȪ`ؕՐHҸg_Y]ƐޡLhYYaY]ovLݩΧYޔDiޡLImov]Ȑޥȣk[}öPvͬYgLYJYߓlΕs~̴\YT\RY]ޒöPvKHlŕճoRЕђҢw⥦dYevuY߲{ޮYߡ}Y߬Yt\YŕAYD
ݐݔIYoó\|ޥTB~_|hqIR]JɤR]BYloövvVARwѩYޔDnIJDeޡLơQLI_VүSYݸqoPSݸqޱqْKyKulturƐZivilisationRY~qޔIkeީҤաLRޣtv\lYänrYL_|YRޣnIJDeީҤաLRv\cYRޣn|LRYLơo\ѤॻhqiDYsY˺Ni˹jYJڐ
ݐrlޤäˬѡLJɥ_]Yowvqvzگ}YѡL{ޮ_]Y_vqI]u}YnѡLI_]Yw_ުvqگ}YभگY٥ظqIHҤänY͐ޕgYäːާJDhqM~䤤äYtד~ަJڒɕsY˹jާՒɤagYभگ{ɦJڒɽJDhqQhqn˺NgYqoRظqکޡLơԓk˹jԓk꾪ȐԓkޒVqoRظqڐާKB~ʥ~zLƕsánv{٥Ysá
ݐݕdhJDz|ïȤBeyޣn~dHȤBYyַX~ԯɐवѐާK˵ӳoޕ潣HIŕՐsȓräSg_|hqDِެJvѿؓrä{֫DY潣EޒvIߓiKYY̴\ylo̴\ylvqätYޕѣKH\«ҤätvѽJDhqYivJDhqYEKvؓräJDhq21dֽJDhq
ݐݐkly\sȓräSg_|hqDâ|ð|Ŭǐ